- ENVIRONMENT / TARGET OR TREASURE? : Hawaiians Fight for Control of Island : Military claimed Kahoolawe for bombing practice. Natives call it a 'spiritual center.'
- CALIFORNIA ELECTIONS / ATTORNEY GENERAL : Lungren Assails Smith With Feinstein Memos
- Gallery Director Defends Exhibit of Erotic Photos
- NATION : 13 Hurt as Jet Hits Turbulence
- Dispensing a World's Worth of Medicine : Research: A Sherman Oaks foundation hosts a conference for disease treatments, including alternative ones.
- FOR THE KIDS GULL WINGS MUSEUM : Fun Takes Off : Young visitors can dig for fossils or weave yarn. Fifteen exhibits help turn playing into learning.
- Court Won't Restore Limits on Fund Raising
- MUSIC / DANCE : South Coast Symphony Moves Into Its Second Home
- CALIFORNIA IN BRIEF : SANTA ANA : Man Found Guilty of Killing Girl, 3
- Letting Fly With Opinions About Existence of UFOs
- Transmission Is Not So Automatic
- Cultivating a Common Denominator : Ian Astbury's 'Dream' Concert Unites Contemporary Music Forces
- NATION : Mother Guilty in Death of Son, 4
- Westchester : Loyola Car-Pooling Plan
- SPORTS NOTEBOOK : Driving Coach Allen: Chauffeur Learns About Life From the Legend
- Some Merchants Will Face Make-or-Break Christmas : Retailing: If consumers are scared and stingy, weaker firms face trouble. It means price cuts but less selection.
- Chief of East's Feared Secret Police Arrested Hours After Reunification
- Redondo Vote Is One for the Books: Build a New Library : Civic structures: Report says current library is inadequate. Construction of $11.9-million replacement would depend on winning a state grant.
- Sergeant Worked for Defense Team While on Duty : Police: Officer was an investigator for four colleagues accused in Dalton Avenue raid. He says he had approval, but the department denies it.
- Lomita Weighs New Height Limit on Residences
- 2 Plead Guilty in Attack on Migrant
- Don't Celebrate Tentative Pact to Save Canyon Yet, Mayor Says : Environment: The city must work out means for a town of 25,000 to raise $78 million to pay for Laguna Laurel in five years.
- THE SIDELINES : Iraqi Muscle Champs Banned
- Point Loma Pair Meet in ITCA Semis
- Mutual Funds Buffeted by Global Turmoil : Investing: The hottest funds in the third quarter were invested in cash and gold. Technology and speculative stock funds turned ice cold.
- Matsushita Reportedly Won't Bid for MCA Parks
- Eleanor Steber, 76; Star at Metropolitan Opera
- THE HOUSE : Earthquake Bill
- GOP Senators Back Duke's Democratic Foe
- Maritime Celebrations Planned at Two Ports
- PCC to Sponsor Information Night
- U.S. Plans Joint Operations With Multinational Forces : Military: Commanders overcome Saudi objections, will stress coordination in field.
- West Covina Gets Earful at Marathon Hearing : Public speaking: West Covina is one of eight cities in the valley that don't require brevity at hearings.
- It's Not Curtains : Theater: La Puente High is renaming its auditorium after Robert Gurnee for his musical productions, and what they gave to students for more than 20 years.
- WORLD : Monaco Remains in Mourning
- Lawyers Give to Clients Who Were Taken : Law: The State Bar's fund to compensate victims of unethical attorneys is busier than ever. The profession maintains it to improve an undesirable image.
- Thirsty Lawns in Crisis Area to Get Water Gift
- Ex-Klansman Duke: How'd He Get So Far? : Louisiana's neo-Nazi candidate for the U.S. Senate
- PERSPECTIVES ON THE FEDERAL BUDGET : Guts, Injustice and a Blow to Bubba : A Congress prepares to vote on the federal deficit-reduction and taxation package, some excerpts from commentary, pro and con:
- Men Force Truck to Curb, Kill Driver
- Groups Join in New Cup Syndicate
- Confidential Talk Stays Unbeaten
- Henderson Can't Steal This One : Baseball: Oakland star falls short of Brett in batting race. Angels beat A's in finale, 11-6.
- Simmons Is Playing the Odds : College football: Titan lineman, who suffered a spinal injury in 1988, says joys of the sport outweigh the risk of paralysis.
- Fullerton Band Wins Contest, Tokyo Date
- Treasures From Hollywood's Heyday Put on Auction Block : Art: David Geffen plans to sell off lavish furnishings from the former home of film producer Jack Warner. Christie's estimates the sale will exceed $4 million.
- COLLEGE FOOTBALL REPORT WEEKDAY UPDATE : AZTECS : Arey Doesn't Stay Out for Long
- Possessive Type : Linda Blair Returns in 'Exorcist' Spoof
- Fans in Riot at Clapton Show
- PREP FLASHBACK : A LOOK BACK AT THIS WEEK IN COUNTY PREP SPORTS HISTORY : 10 YEARS AGO
- New Faces to Reign at Country Awards
- Reds and Pirates Would Just as Soon Erase the Memories : NL playoffs: Cincinnati faces comparisons with the Big Red Machine. Pittsburgh hears of the "We Are Family" team.
- McLaughlin Brings Searing Electric Guitar to Town
- TV REVIEW : Fox's 'Beverly Hills, 90210': ZIP Code for Cliches
- 'Miss Daisy' Still Barreling Along
- SHORT TAKES : Breakfast, Bergen and 'Bull'
- Unification Doesn't Mean That German Teams to Meld Easily : Sports program: The budget for combined group is estimated to be less than half what dismantled East German machine spent.
- An Unforgettable TV Movie : Film: The battle by an Auschwitz survivor, a Huntington Beach businessman, to preserve and defend the memory of the Holocaust is portrayed in 'Never Forget.'
- POP MUSIC REVIEW : Buzzin' 'Birds
- Obscenity Trial Stalls Over Witness : Art: Mapplethorpe case defense lawyers finish, but proceedings have halted over the qualifications of a rebuttal witness.
- 3 Stations Lift Bans on Political Ads in Newscasts : Television: Channels 2, 4 and 5 join others in bowing to economic factors. Some fear that ads may be misconstrued as news.
- Another Day in Court for Rock Music : Law: Just weeks after the Judas Priest case, Ozzy Osbourne faces similar suits over subliminal messages.
- MOVIE REVIEW : Wispy 'Henry & June' All Soul, No Body
- SHORT TAKES : O'Hara on the Comeback Trail
- JAZZ REVIEWS : Prysock Displays Balladeer Talents
- STAGE
- King Hussein of Jordan
- CALIFORNIA ELECTIONS / LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR : Bergeson Wouldn't Penalize Abortion Seeker : In a debate with McCarthy, the GOP candidate ducked a question on the issue. She told reporters later she would oppose criminal charges against women, favor civil fines for doctors involved.
- A Lesson in Graffiti
- Feinstein, Wilson Campaigns for Governorship
- Having Their Cake
- Hollywood Chronicles : Bradbury's Adventures...
- MORE BARS:
- Feinstein, Wilson Campaigns for Governorship
- CSUN's Rein on Freedom
- Feinstein, Wilson Campaigns for Governorship
- Reaction to 'Ojai Law'
- Feinstein, Wilson Campaigns for Governorship
- Smog Alerts
- Shocked by Statement
- MORE BARS:
- CSUN's Rein on Freedom
- Feinstein, Wilson Campaigns for Governorship
- Feinstein, Wilson Campaigns for Governorship
- CRIMES BY AREA COVERED BY THE LOS ANGELES POLICE DEPARTMENT
- U.S. Arms Sales to Saudi Arabia
- JAZZ REVIEWS : Ighner Takes the Slow Lane
- 'Diatribe' on Grand Jury
- Having Their Cake
- Feinstein, Wilson Campaigns for Governorship
- MORE EATERIES:
- Penniless Keating
- Feinstein, Wilson Campaigns for Governorship
- Developers' Scramble
- MORE BARS:
- MORE BARS:
- MORE VIDEOS:
- U.S. Arms Sales to Saudi Arabia
- U.S. Arms Sales to Saudi Arabia
- MOVIES - Oct. 4, 1990
- MOVIES - Oct. 4, 1990
- BLIMP: Look! Up in the sky! It's...
- Verdict Is Guilty in 2 Live Crew's Rap Album Sale
- NO DEALS: Will Jon Mansur's misfortune--a store...
- Suspect Arrested in Ritualistic Assaults : Rapes: Assailant told victims he was a 'messenger of the Lord,' Long Beach police say. Authorities say he may be involved in other crimes.
- Truck Stuck at Leucadia Crossing Hit by Amtrak Train
- Blackout Drains Harbor Business in Dana Point
- BLIMP HANGAR: As big as the Goodyear...
- Greenspan Boosts Budget Pact but Opposition Grows : Congress: Defeat would mean trouble in financial markets, the Fed chief says. Democrats join GOP critics. Calls from voters heavily oppose the deficit-cutting deal.
- Amtrak Train Hits Truck; 6 Are Injured
- ENCORE: President Bush is coming back to...
- School Blocks Production of Voting Message : Elections: Filming of announcement aimed at Latinos is halted at campus because actors were portraying poll guards.
- Notes on a Scorecard - Oct. 4, 1990
- TV & VIDEO - Oct. 4, 1990
- TV & VIDEO - Oct. 4, 1990
- Law Firm Collapse Bankrupts Attorney in a Billion-Dollar Way
- WORLD IN BRIEF : PAKISTAN : Bhutto Supporters Stage Court Protest
- NATION IN BRIEF : WASHINGTON, D.C. : Report Faults EPA Disinfectant Testing
- CLIPBOARD : DISCOVERY : The Placentia Trolley
- LOCAL : Children's Bill of Rights OKd
- COLUMN ONE : Lottery Wins Some, Loses Some : It celebrates its fifth birthday as the largest in North America. But officials admit they have had a string of bad luck as new games fail to increase revenues.
- Questions Raised on Wilson Move to Block Bill : Politics: Senator says he is acting in the public interest. Critics contend that his actions could mean more business for one of his major campaign backers.
- WORLD : Blast Rocks U.S. Envoy's Home
- Wilderness Road Rises to New Status : Travel: U.S. Forest Service names Angeles Crest Highway a scenic byway, hoping to lure more sightseers to its natural attractions.
- State Investigators Leery of S.D. Probe
- Some Say Ojai Should Merge Into New City : Annexation: Officials find support from residents of nearby communities for a plan to absorb neighboring areas. They also hear counterproposals.
- Judge Orders Silberman to Pay $50,000 : Crime: The fine is in addition to the 46-month prison sentence the former financier was given for his part in a money laundering scheme.
- Gates Discusses His Court Defeat in Private Meeting With Supervisors : Suit judgment: The closed-door discussion was 'just a factual presentation,' sheriff says.
- Countywide : Police Group Calls Prop. 134 Misleading
- U.S. to Audit Medical Foundation : Health care: Some families involved with bone marrow donor group complain of withheld funds. Five senators requested action.
- PRO FOOTBALL REPORT WEEKDAY UPDATE : CHARGERS : Home Is Where the Job is for Carney
- Joe McIlvaine, former New York Met executive,...
- COMMUNITY COLLEGE ROUNDUP : Courter's Hat Trick Sparks OCC to a 5-2 Soccer Victory
- Brett Singles, Near 3rd Batting Title at .329
- POP MUSIC REVIEWS : Reaching For the Ska
- Panel to Take Technical Look at Fauvism
- Ava Gardner's Memoir Tells All; It Lives Up to Legend
- INTERNATIONAL TRADE
- Rating Firm Downgrades Bonds of Brea's UnionFed
- Fed Chairman Endorses Deficit Package : Economy: In a boost for the President, Greenspan hints that the $500-billion proposal could clear the way for lower interest rates.
- CALIFORNIA ELECTIONS GOVERNOR : Feinstein Tries Softer Touch in New TV Ads
- Hip Say Hooray to Reporter
- Disabled End Protest at Morehouse College
- A Spot on Road of Fame : Entertainment: Family and friends toast and serenade Nancy Wilson after singer gets her star on Hollywood Boulevard.
- Drown Ads Hit Roache
- SADDLEBACK VALLEY UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT
- THE HOUSE
- El Cajon
- PRIVATE FACES, PUBLIC PLACES : In the County Jail, 15 Minutes for Men Who Haven't Got a Prayer
- SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO : District, Teachers Union on Same Side
- IRVINE : League Backs City on Seating of Gaido
- Margaret H. Bellamy; Eucharistic Minister
- Legal Limbo Thawing for Those Who Back Cryonics
- Countywide : Jurors Split in Case Against Attorney
- Smith Calls Referee 'Wimpy' : Football: USC coach says the official should not have consulted coaches about shortening game. However, rule book says both teams must consent.
- LOS ALAMITOS : Jack Parker Jr. Still Knows How to Win
- Xerox Unveils Computerized Publishing System: The DocuTech...
- American to Drop John Wayne-S.F. Service: American...
- Practical Side to Luxury Business
- Oil Prices Keep Sliding on Hopes for Peace in Gulf : Energy: Crude tumbled $3.14 a barrel to close at $33.95. It traded last week at more than $40 a barrel.
- WORLD : Athens Fights to Pierce Smog
- The Dawning of a New European Nation : Germany: Celebrations continue as leaders invoke 'historic responsibility' for the Holocaust and assure the world of their peaceful intentions.
- NATION IN BRIEF : OHIO : Mapplethorpe Said to Be Like Van Gogh
- GULF WATCH: Day 62
- Where the Twain Meet : Books: L.A. writer T. Coraghessan Boyle's latest work, 'East Is East,' is a Southern novel with a Japanese twist.
- Saudi Customs Officials Damaging Trucks at Border, Jordanians Charge
- Man Doing Work on Disneyland Ride Is Critically Injured in Fall
- Man Charged With Theft of Jewelry
- Pat Day Suspended for 5 Days
- Not Exactly a Big Finish
- PREP ROUNDUP : Santiago's League Record Remains Perfect in Tennis
- MUSIC REVIEW : Soviet Mezzo at Wilshire Ebell
- Ella Fitzgerald's concert at the Center on...
- Highlander Back Filled Rush Order : Granada Hills Turned to Washington When Passes Missed Mark
- P.M. BRIEFING : Glenn to Explain Keating Deals
- August Sales of New Homes Decline 1.4%
- THREE REACTIONS : Views Mixed on Effect on Airline Traffic
- Workers Await Verdict on UAL Buyout Loan
- WORLD IN BRIEF : INDIA : 17 Reported Slain After Rebel Ambush
- 16 Hurt as 100 Flee Fire in Garment District Building
- San Diego
- Jan C. Posten; Travel Agent, Diver
- Detroit television reporter Virg Jacques filed an...
- THE SIDELINES : Boxing Victories Move S. Korea to 2nd in Asian Games Medals
- Harvard Clamps Down on Crespi, 8-6 : Water polo: Saracens switch defenses and rally from 3-0 deficit to hand Celts their first loss after 11 victories.
- Samuel's Single in 10th Gives Dodgers Victory
- PRO FOOTBALL REPORT WEEKDAY UPDATE : RAIDERS : Who Keeps Saying These Things?
- JAZZ REVIEW : Bryant, Eicher: Effortless Skill
- ART REVIEWS : F. Scott Hess: Stripping Away Media Hokum
- O.C. POP MUSIC REVIEW : Spirit Fills Show That's Pure Ella : At the Performing Arts Center, the legendary singer proved that at age 72, along with her remarkable vocal refinement, she still has the vigor of a little girl, exploring and taking chances.
- IMF Suspends Argentine Loan
- THREE REACTIONS : Alcohol Tax Will Hurt Cheaper Brands Most
- NATION IN BRIEF : FLORIDA : Money Launderer Gets 12-Year Term
- Dinkins Offers $1.8-Billion 'Battle Plan Against Fear' : Crime: New York mayor's program includes hiring more than 7,900 new police officers. Violent incidents have been rising in the city.
- WORLD IN BRIEF : COLOMBIA : Cocaine Laboratory Explosion Kills 8
- Store Owner Guilty in Sale of Rap Album
- Hussein Tours 'Province' of Kuwait : Mideast: The president of Iraq visits the emirate for the first time since his troops invaded it on Aug. 2.
- 4 Lives Torn by Nazis Split on Reunification : Fascism: Ex-GI, ex-Nazi youth, Jewish woman and 'righteous Gentile' reflect on Germany's past, and future.
- Beatrice Mary Clark; Longtime Burbank Resident
- Father and Child Reunion : Shared Dream Becomes Reality After 22-Year Separation
- Prime Time Cited for Safety Violations : Health: Cal/OSHA says workers had been exposed to exhaust fumes at the shuttle company's Van Nuys headquarters.
- Blaze Aboard Cruise Ship Quickly Contained
- THE SIDELINES : U.S. Tabs Dutch Soccer Player
- Baker, Henry Join List of Basketball Players Leaving CSUN Team
- They Should Make It Open and Shut Case
- Brooklyn Museum Exhibit Censures Censorship : Art: The display is made up of deliberately 'objectionable' works partly funded by the NEA that were already part of the museum's collection.
- Clerks Union, Tracks Exchange Threats on Unsigned Contract
- Murdoch Merges 4 Newspapers Into 2 in Rescue Effort : Australia: Firm's stock tumbles 40% in a month amid concern over its massive $8.7-billion debt.
- Turning Point for Inner City Federal Help : Urban renewal: Breaks to create jobs and spur low-income housing signal more interest by Washington in solving community problems.
- Unisys Debt Downgraded: Moody's Investors Service downgraded...
- Moving Day Is Blunder He Won't Forget
- Government Troops Turn Back Uprising of Refugees in Rwanda
- San Francisco Considers Law on VDT Safety : Health: Proponents argue for regulations to reduce work-related injuries and stress. Business lobbyists say the measure would be too costly.
- Global AIDS Cases Up by 5,000 in September
- Nursing Parents Through a Child's First Week Away at College
- U.S. and Soviets in Accord on Cutting Arms in Europe : Military: The way is open for a November summit to sign an agreement on conventional forces.
- CALIFORNIA ELECTIONS 34th SENATE DISTRICT : Ayala's Longevity an Issue in Tough Race Against GOP's Bader
- 3 Men Asking Cash for Smuggling Boy Are Suspected of Kidnaping
- Aspirin Found to Cut Down Occurrence of Migraine : Medicine: Researchers say taking one every other day can reduce the rate of headaches by 20%.
- L.A. Becomes First City to Ban Animal Sacrifices
- Ex-Owner Ordered to Pay for Toxics Cleanup After Fire
- Landfill Asked to Bar L.A. : Calabasas: Mike Antonovich wants to restrict access to the county's dump because the city denied expansion at Sunshine Canyon.
- Raids Seize 5 in Brutal Beating by Bike Thieves : Crime: An Anaheim father trying to recover his son's property was viciously attacked by a pack of gang toughs. More than 50 outraged police bring suspects in.
- Criminal Type Will Miss Rest of the Year
- Supervisors Vote to Study Parking Lot Over Freeway
- The Drill on Mailing Packages to Mideast : Mail service: The best gifts for troops include board games, hard candies and audio tapes, officials say. Avoid sending liquor, pork and some magazines.
- POLITICS / WHY DID HE WIN? : Washington State Puzzled as Voters Oust Chief Justice : What's in a name? A lot, for Charles Johnson. Or maybe the dangerous-dog lobby's bite is worse than its bark.
- San Diego
- HUNTINGTON BEACH : Proposal for New Church Rejected
- Councilman Urges Probe of Sweeper Fatality : Accident: Woo calls for a review of the city's use of heavy equipment to clean Skid Row after a transient is struck and killed.
- THE SIDELINES : British Topple Hungarians 1-0
- Council Balks at Parkland Price Tag : Fryman Canyon: Councilman Yaroslavsky says a $1.96-million city contribution for the property could jeopardize other site acquisitions.
- Fired for Bias Complaint, 2 Rockwell Engineers Say
- ROUNDUP : Burns 2nd, CSUN 5th in Golf Invitational
- SHORT TAKES : Tabloid Drops Don Johnson Suit
- Welch Wavers, but A's Help Him Win 27th
- COLLEGE FOOTBALL REPORT WEEKDAY UPDATE : USC : Price: We Made Marinovich's Year
- Patricia Trenton, guest curator of the Laguna...
- ARTS
- TV Viewers Stick With Tried, True : Ratings: Despite network ballyhoo, the audience hasn't flocked to the new fall lineup. PBS put up an unexpected fight with 'The Civil War.'
- Mel Gibson Takes New Role: Real Life
- New Character for Raisin Commercials: The animated...
- Oil Spurs 1.8% Rise in August Factory Orders
- P.M. BRIEFING : Air Travel Soars, but Not Profit
- STOCKS : Dow Off 10.64; Profit Takers Nip Early Rally
- Judge Refuses to Dismiss Love Canal Claim:...
- SOUTHLAND : Man Who Killed Child Convicted
- Officials Seek Cause of Convention Illnesses
- Healing Feelings About Delinquent Dads
- Where Small-Town Ways Thrive Amid the Urban Sprawl : Neighborhood: Shops are small, the clientele loyal. Families relax on front lawns. Yet crime has taken its toll on this community near the San Gabriel Mission.
- Women Find Combat on the Soil of Their Homeland
- AIDS Sufferer Who Won Job Back Dies
- Lawyer Says City Has Week to Settle Stun-Gun Claim
- The Nerd Factor : Nightclubs' Unwritten Dress Codes Under Attack
- Ruedy Helps Chatsworth Pump Up Its Air Attack
- Gearing Up for 'Greatest Show on Earth' at Halftime : Homecoming: High schools are welcoming back their alumni with 20-minute extravaganzas that can feature a cast of hundreds and a budget of thousands of dollars.
- Big Star Isn't Pumped Up Yet for the Playoffs
- Lake Casitas Anglers Enjoy Run on Crappie
- Kings Coach to Revive Basics: BORING Defense : Hockey: Scoring is no problem, Webster says. The real problem is keeping opponents in check.
- OAK TREE : Many Top Horses May Skip Meeting Because Breeders' Cup Is Not Local
- Artist's Work Takes Autobiographical Turn
- ARTS
- MOVIE REVIEW : Tender 'History of Parking Lots' an Impressive Debut
- 'Gift Rap': A Fun Package
- P.M. BRIEFING : Sematech Picks Xerox Executive
- 17 in Kashmir Reported Slain After Ambush
- Of the 100 largest publicly traded companies...
- American Airlines to Halt O.C. Flights to San Francisco : Air service: The airline plans to drop its five daily round trips Nov. 1 because they have not been profitable.
- 1 Dead in Truck-Bus Crash
- Lithuania Loosens Moscow Ties, Will Negotiate Economic Pacts
- Zulu Chief Rejects Bid to Meet With Mandela
- Countywide : Supervisors Delay Well Reactivation
- ANAHEIM : Girl Scouts Pack Books for Troops
- Bail Set for Sports Show Promoter in Texas Case : Fraud charges: But authorities say there is little likelihood of charges being filed relating to Pasadena 'Baseball Legends' event.
- Alpine
- Burned Body Identified as Missing Businesswoman
- Utilities Set Up Program to Save Water, Energy
- AIDS IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY
- Police Search for Clues in Killing of Respected Professor
- The U.S. national soccer team, 7-11 this...
- City Doesn't Strike It Rich With 49er Turf
- Shields Hopes to Land Nunn in Comeback : Boxing: North Hollywood resident desires to meet up with the IBF middleweight champion down the road.
- COLLEGE ROUNDUP : UCLA Needs Overtime to Beat UC Irvine in Water Polo, 15-12
- The USA Basketball Council approved recommendations by...
- Fielder Down to Last Swings at 50
- ON THE PREP PATH : Runner Who Allegedly Accepted Money Subject of Controversy
- CSUN Volleyball Team Overtakes Fresno State
- MUSIC REVIEW : Argentine Ensemble Opens Monday Eve Concerts
- South-of-Border Singer With Cactus Sound : Pop: Astrid Hadad is an actress-singer who loves to laugh at pain and has no shame in her camp, cabaret-style show.
- P.M. BRIEFING : Singapore Air Orders Boeings
- Milken Hearing Will Start Oct. 9 : Securities: The proceedings will focus on more crimes that the former trader for Drexel is alleged to have committed. Ivan Boesky may appear.
- Transit With All the Advantages of a Car
- Cinnabar named Erik Johnson vice president of...
- Daily Briefings on Serial Killings Halted
- San Diego Still Has What It Takes to Be a Ghost Town
- SANTA ANA : Candidate Defends Hiring of Detective
- SIMI VALLEY : Experts Testify on Oleander Poisoning
- Countywide : Odes to Joy Planned for Germany Unity
- St. Genevieve Football Coach Clears His Players in Brawl
- Three U.S. syndicates were approved as defense...