That sinking feeling: New York is subsiding even as the seas around it are rising
NEW YORK — If rising oceans aren’t worry enough, add this to the risks that New York City faces: The metropolis is slowly sinking under the weight of its skyscrapers, homes, asphalt and humanity itself.
New research estimates that the city’s landmass is sinking at an average rate of one to two millimeters per year, something referred to as “subsidence.”
That natural process happens everywhere as ground is compressed, but a study published this month in the journal Earth’s Future sought to estimate how the massive weight of the city itself is hurrying things along.
More than 1 million buildings are spread across the city’s five boroughs. The research team calculated that all those structures add up to about 1.7 trillion tons of concrete, metal and glass — about the mass of 4,700 Empire State Buildings — pressing down on the Earth.
The rate of compression varies throughout the city. Midtown Manhattan’s skyscrapers are largely built on rock, which compresses very little, while some parts of Brooklyn, Queens and downtown Manhattan are on looser soil and sinking faster, the study revealed.
While the process is slow, lead researcher Tom Parsons of the U.S. Geological Survey said parts of the city will eventually be underwater.
Stanford researchers examined how land is sinking in the San Joaquin Valley, finding that slowing or halting subsidence requires rising water levels.
“It’s inevitable. The ground is going down, and the water’s coming up. At some point, those two levels will meet,” said Parsons, whose job is to forecast hazardous events from earthquakes, tsunamis and even incremental shifts of the ground below us.
But there’s no need to invest in life preservers just yet, he said reassuringly.
The study merely notes that buildings themselves are contributing, albeit incrementally, to the shifting landscape, he said. Parsons and his team of researchers reached their conclusions using satellite imaging, data-modeling and a lot of mathematical assumptions.
It will take hundreds of years — precisely when is unclear — before New York becomes America’s version of Venice, which is famously sinking into the Adriatic Sea.
A Northern California community sank more than 2 feet in nine years, the starkest example of how tapping groundwater in times of drought has caused parts of the Sacramento Valley to sink, according to a report from the state Department of Water Resources.
But some parts of the city are at greater risk than others.
“There’s a lot of weight there, a lot of people there,” Parsons said, referring specifically to Manhattan. “The average elevation in the southern part of the island is only one or two meters [3.2 or 6.5 feet] above sea level — it is very close to the waterline, and so it is a deep concern.”
Because the ocean is rising at a similar rate as the land is sinking, Earth’s changing climate could accelerate the timeline for parts of the city to become submerged.
“It doesn’t mean that we should stop building buildings. It doesn’t mean that the buildings are themselves the sole cause of this. There are a lot of factors,” Parsons said. “The purpose was to point this out in advance before it becomes a bigger problem.”
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Already, New York is at risk of flooding because of massive storms that can cause the ocean to swell inland or inundate neighborhoods with torrential rain.
The resulting flooding could have destructive and deadly consequences, as demonstrated by Superstorm Sandy a decade ago and the still-potent remnants of Hurricane Ida two years ago.
“From a scientific perspective, this is an important study,” said Andrew Kruczkiewicz, a senior researcher at Columbia University’s Climate School, who was not involved in the research.
Its findings could help inform policymakers as they draft ongoing plans to combat or forestall the rising tides.
A conversation with the California Coastal Commission’s newly appointed executive director on sea level rise — and the laws that safeguard our coast.
“We can’t sit around and wait for a critical threshold of sea-level rise to occur,” he said, “because waiting could mean we would be missing out on taking anticipatory action and preparedness measures.”
New York isn’t the only place sinking. San Francisco also is putting considerable pressure on the ground and the region’s active earthquake faults. In Indonesia, the government is preparing for a possible retreat from Jakarta, which is sinking into the Java Sea, for a new capital being built on the higher ground of an entirely different island.
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