Portugal and Britain find monkeypox cases in men as outbreak spreads

LISBON, Portugal —  Portuguese health authorities on Wednesday confirmed five cases of monkeypox in young men, and Britain announced two more cases, marking an unusual outbreak in Europe of a disease typically limited to Africa.

Portugal’s Directorate-General of Health said that it was also investigating 15 suspected cases and that all were identified this month around the capital, Lisbon.

All the Portuguese cases involve men, most of them young, authorities said. They have skin lesions and were listed as stable. Officials did not say whether the men had a history of travel to Africa or any links with recent cases in Britain or elsewhere.

In the U.S. on Wednesday, state health officials in Massachusetts reported a case of monkeypox in a resident who had traveled to Canada, and investigators are looking into whether it is connected to the European outbreaks.

British health authorities said Wednesday that they had identified two new cases of monkeypox, one in London and one in southeastern England. They said that neither patient had traveled to Africa and that it was possible they were infected in the United Kingdom. The cases had no known links to other previously confirmed patients, suggesting there may be multiple chains of monkeypox transmission happening in the country.

Dr. Susan Hopkins, chief medical advisor of Britain’s Health Security Agency, said the latest cases, alongside the other infections reported in Europe, confirm “our initial concerns that there could be spread of monkeypox within our communities.”

The agency said recent cases had been seen “predominantly in gay, bisexual or men who have sex with men,” although it noted it was unclear how exactly people had been infected.

Monkeypox has not previously been documented to have spread through sex, but can be transmitted through close contact with infected people, their clothing or bedsheets.

This week the U.K. agency reported four cases of monkeypox they said had been spread among gay and bisexual men in London. The agency said the risk to the general population “remains low.”

Health authorities in Spain’s central Madrid region said late Wednesday that they were assessing 23 possible cases of monkeypox. They said that all of the suspected cases are young men and that the majority of them had sex with other men.

The disease belongs to a family of viruses that includes smallpox. Most people recover from monkeypox within weeks, but the World Health Organization says the disease is fatal for 1 in 10 infected people. Sporadic cases of monkeypox have been seen in countries including Britain and the U.S., but nearly all have been in people who were probably infected during their travels in Africa.

Dr. Ibrahim Soce Fall, WHO’s assistant director-general for emergency response, said the spread of monkeypox in the U.K. needed to be investigated to understand how the disease was being transmitted among men who have sex with other men.

Fall said health officials also still need a better understanding of how monkeypox spreads in general, even in the countries where it is endemic.

He said that while there were more than 6,000 reported cases in Congo and about 3,000 cases in Nigeria last year, there are still “so many unknowns in terms of the dynamics of transmission.”

Britain previously reported three cases of monkeypox, two involving people who lived in the same household and the third someone who had traveled to Nigeria, where the disease occurs frequently in animals.

The virus has typically spread to people from infected animals such as rodents, although human-to-human transmission has been known to occur.

Some British experts said it was too soon to conclude that monkeypox had spread through sexual contact, although the outbreak there suggested that possibility.

“The recent cases suggest a potentially novel means of spread,” Neil Mabbott, a disease expert at the University of Edinburgh, said, adding that related viruses were known to spread via sex.

Keith Neal, an infectious-disease expert at the University of Nottingham, said the transmission might not have occurred through sexual activity but just “the close contact associated with sexual intercourse.”

Monkeypox typically causes fever, chills, a rash and lesions on the face or genitals resembling those caused by smallpox. A vaccine developed against smallpox has been approved for monkeypox, and several antivirals also appear to be effective.

Cheng reported from London. Joe Wilson in Barcelona, Spain, and Aritz Parra in Madrid contributed to this report.