High fashion is finally going fur-free, sustainable and ethically sourced. Why now?

When Paris-based luxury conglomerate LVMH announced its new partnership with Stella McCartney last month, many of the specific details were kept under wraps, but one of the biggest — specifically what made the eco-conscious, London-based fashion designer an attractive partner in the first place — was not one of them.

“A decisive factor was that she was the first to put sustainability and ethical issues on the front stage, very early on, and built her [h]ouse around these issues,” LVMH Chairman and CEO Bernard Arnault said in the announcement. “It emphasizes LVMH Group’s commitment to sustainability.”

That move came on the heels of last month’s Ralph Lauren announcement of a slate of ambitious do-gooder goals including using 100% sustainably sourced key materials by 2025, increasing female representation in factory management by 25% in the same time frame, and having greenhouse gas reduction targets in place by the end of next year.

A model wears a furred helmet on the runway at Prada’s fall and winter 2006 men’s runway show in Milan. In May, the Milan-based luxury group announced it will no longer include animal fur in its designs beginning with its spring and summer 2020 women’s collections.

(Luca Bruno / Associated Press)

The month before that, it was French luxury group Kering — a partner in McCartney’s label until early last year — making headlines with the announcement that its fashion houses (Gucci, Balenciaga and Saint Laurent among them) would only hire models age 18 and older for its runway shows starting next year. Also in May, Prada and the Humane Society issued a joint statement declaring that the Italian luxury group’s stable of brands would not use animal fur from the spring and summer 2020 women’s collections onward, making it the latest in a rapidly growing list of high-profile luxury labels to forswear fur including Michael Kors, Coach, Burberry and Chanel (in the latter half of 2018 alone).

Also in May, designer Tracy Reese, who had taken her namesake label on hiatus two years ago, returned with a sustainably and ethically focused Hope for Flowers by Tracy Reese line, the first collection of which used textiles hand-printed in Detroit and sewn into garments in Flint, Mich.

Kaia Gerber walks the Saint Laurent spring and summer 2019 runway show in Paris on Sept. 25, 2018 at age 17. Saint Laurent’s parent company, Kering Group, has announced it will only use models 18 and older beginning with the fall and winter 2020 shows.

(Stephane Cardinale / Corbis via Getty Images)

What’s behind the fashion industry’s Great Awokening? Why have these traditional standard bearers of aspirational luxe — the same companies that for decades have tried to convince consumers they could never be too thin, too rich or have too many pretty things — seemingly reversed course? While some of the shift is obvious — top-down forces such as recently passed laws (fur-sale bans, for example, have been passed in West Hollywood and Los Angeles and a statewide fur ban is currently under consideration, and in 2017 France passed a law requiring all models to obtain a doctor’s certification of their physical health) — much more of it seems to be bubbling up from below.

Carry Somers, who co-founded the U.K.-based Fashion Revolution organization in the aftermath of the 2013 Rana Plaza fire in Bangladesh (with more than 1,100 killed, it ranks as the deadliest disaster in the history of the garment industry), says her group’s efforts at encouraging transparency — particularly via its annual survey of top global fashion brands — have started to pay off.

The 2019 Fashion Transparency Index, which ranked Adidas, Reebok and Patagonia in a three-way tie for the most transparent of 200 global brands surveyed, revealed some interesting shifts, Somers said. “[The survey] has really opened up the conversation among the biggest fashion brands,” she said. “We’ve found brands that weren’t disclosing anything at all [now doing so] — like Chanel, which this year published its first report. There’s not much in it, but it’s a start. A great change we’ve seen is in publishing factory lists; that’s something we’ve been specifically asking brands to do and two years ago only 12.5% of brands were publishing [a list of] their first-tier factories and, this year, that’s gone up to 35%.”

Somers cites the influence of a changing demographic. “It’s definitely a generational thing,” she said. “The younger kids are doing climate drives for schools, and we’ve seen an increase[d embrace of] veganism over the last few years that’s been really incredible. People have been calling for change because they want to see better policies and practices [in place] for brands.”

P.J. Smith, fashion policy director for the Humane Society of the United States, says the same factors are at play when it comes to the pace at which luxury labels are kicking fur to the curb. “I’ve been doing this for about 10 years and to see what’s happened in just the last few years has been nothing short of amazing,” Smith said.

“This latest wave has to do with consumers’ changing attitudes toward animals, this new drive for transparency, what’s now available on the internet for people to see and the generation coming up that has the buying power. When Gucci announces [it is going fur-free] on Instagram, and Prada and Versace announce [going fur-free] on Instagram, I think they’re looking to reach Gen Z. … The buying power of that generation is going to be so much bigger than the boomers’, and they know that that consumer cares about these issues — sustainability [and] animal welfare.”

Studies of the post-millennial Gen Z demographic (those born in the late 1990s and early 2000s) support Smith’s assessment. According to Cone Communications’ 2017 Gen Z corporate social responsibility study, by next year Gen Z will account for 40% of global consumers, with a full 94% of Zs surveyed believing that companies should address social and environmental issues. (By comparison, 87% of millennials and 83% of Gen Xers felt that way.) The Cone study also found that 89% of Gen Z respondents said they’d rather buy from a company that was addressing social or environmental issues over one that wasn’t, and that nearly half of this mobile-first generation reports spending 10 hours a day online.

“Social media plays a huge role,” said Summer Rayne Oakes, a model, environmental activist and author who has been calling for transparency in the fashion industry for over a decade. (She emailed The Times from the road where she’s in mid-book tour for the just-published “How to Make a Plant Love You.”) “More so than ever, people and [non-governmental organizations] can use the power of social media to ‘shame’ companies for values that don’t align with their values. What are the practices that are contentious and that would be a social media liability? People are far more outspoken now — from the lack of diversity seen in Victoria‘s Secret to the sexual abuse happening in the fashion and entertainment world.”

With the social-media-savvy, always-online Gen Zs in the driver’s seat, even small, mostly symbolic moves — such as Ralph Lauren’s Earth Polo (each shirt is made from about 12 recycled plastic bottles diverted from landfills and oceans and is itself 100% recyclable) or Reese’s Hope for Flowers capsule collection for Anthropologie (made with certified organic linen and cotton and non-harmful dyes) — have the potential to help companies aiming to do good also do well.

But Detroit-based Reese is quick to dismiss the notion that fashion brands are getting woke as a way to woo the Zs, at least in her case. “My average customer is about 40 years old,” she said, “so [Gen Z] is not my customer — not that they might not grow into my customer at some point. … As for why now? It’s because there is a great sense of urgency to change how we’re working; to recognize that how we’re currently working is not healthy and it’s not sustainable — as in it can’t last — and that we can’t just use up all these resources and go on and on forever,” she said. “If we don’t make dramatic change in the next 10 years then we won’t survive, so there’s a real push for real change to happen immediately.

“I think the companies that aren’t recognizing that, that aren’t making dramatic changes in their sourcing and their supply chains, they’ve got their heads buried in the sand.”

Kering’s chief sustainability officer, Marie-Claire Daveu, echoes that sentiment. “Customers are [getting] more and more involved in what brands are doing and they’re asking more questions about sustainability — both environmental and social [sustainability] — as well as animal welfare. … I think now most brands understand that thinking about sustainability is not an option, it’s a necessity. And, more than that, it’s becoming a duty if you want to continue to develop your company.”

While the flurry of recent pronouncements by luxury fashion brands trying to do the right thing has generated positive coverage — not to mention reframed the notion of what, exactly, luxury means in the era of the woke wardrobe — it has barely begun to address the industry’s biggest, dirtiest secret of all: the exploitative use of cheap foreign labor. It’s on this front that Fashion Revolution’s Somers says demanding supply-chain transparency is crucial.

“[Transparency] really makes a difference to the workers on the ground because it means issues get remedied much faster,” she said. “And it’s also really good for the brands because it helps protect them. If one of their suppliers has contracted to a factory that shouldn’t be making their clothes and they’re found not to be compliant, they can say ‘They’re not a registered supplier and shouldn’t have been making the clothes.’ It should be a win-win. I don’t know why all brands aren’t doing it.”

The most important catalyst to that change, Somers says, isn’t a single demographic but a single question.

“As consumers we really have power over these brands, we can use our voice and our power to bring about change — and we really need to do that,” she said. “So asking the question ‘Who made my clothes?’ is really powerful. I’ve been told that for every one person who asks [that question], the brands take that as representing 10,000 people that think the same way but can’t be bothered to do anything about it.”